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INTRODUCTION
The library has develop into “a spot entrusted with the acquisition, group, preservation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of knowledge in no matter format it’d seem” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, ix). West Africa Theological Seminary Library is on the crossroad. The normal library practices and trendy technological advances have to be developed and embraced whether it is to be related on this data age. It’s a very excessive worth which have to be paid in any other case the library will finally develop into just like the legendary character who slept for twenty years at Gasgill Mountain in Gulliver’s Travels and finally woke as much as discover the world utterly modified.
BRIEF HISTORY OF WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
The historical past of the above seminary may very well be realistically traced to the historic visitation by two American missionaries (Rev. Dr. and Rev. Mrs. Gary Maxey) who led a bunch of Nigerian and expatriate Christians to Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria in April 1989. (The Maxeys had initially labored creditably in spiritual schooling in Port Harcourt for seven years). The institution of the seminary in 1989 was a sensible demonstration of the necessity to actively take part within the coaching of pastors, evangelists, missionaries and lecturers not solely in Nigeria but in addition in different elements of the continent and the west. Presently, the seminary is the most important non-denominational evangelical holiness seminary in Nigeria that has attracted college students from a broad spectrum of Nigerian Christian denominations, (and) ethnic teams. Throughout a not too long ago accomplished semester, WATS has college students from thirty of Nigeria’s states, from over forty language teams, from (a number of) different African nations, and from properly over eighty totally different church teams (West Africa Theological Seminary Prospectus 2004, 5).
The identify of the seminary was modified from Wesley Worldwide Theological Seminary to West Africa Theological Seminary on 1 June 2001, the identical 12 months it relocated to 35/37 MM Worldwide Airport Street, Lagos, Nigeria. The establishment is affiliated to the College of Nsukka, Nigeria and presently presents a number of packages of examine together with : Bachelor of Arts in Non secular Research, Bachelor of Arts in Theology, Diploma in Theology, Certificates in Laptop Research, Diploma in Laptop Research, M.A. in Biblical Research, Grasp of Divinity, M.A. in Christian Management and M.A. in Intercultural Research. The seminary began publishing the West Africa Theological Seminary Journal in 2002.
One of many quick plans of the seminary is to automate its library assortment. An important side is to establish software program that can be capable to meet the wants of the seminary. In deciding on software program, the seminary should suppose when it comes to networking and keep in mind that automation programmes usually require annual assist charges.
WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY
It’s a truism that “the library is the nerve middle of academic establishments” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, vii) and West Africa Theological Seminary Library isn’t any exception. This library makes use of the second version of the Anglo American Cataloguing Guidelines (AACR2) and the 20th version of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC 20). The cardboard catalog is split, “a file of authors and titles stored in a single alphabetical order and a file of topic playing cards in alphabetical order” (Newhall 1970, 38) and the submitting system is letter by letter, a system through which “entries are filed with out contemplating the areas between phrases” (Nwosu 2000, 61). There’s a e-book catalog, which accommodates the initiatives (undergraduate and graduate) submitted by college students of the seminary and a few members of workers who studied in different establishments.
In 2003 the library benefited from a subscription paid by Asbury Theological Seminary to make use of the ATLA (American Theological Library Affiliation) Database on CD Rom. This can be a complete device designed to assist spiritual schooling and college analysis. The library serves college students, tutorial and administrative workers of the seminary and exterior customers (tutorial workers and college students from different theological establishments).
Different related data embrace:
OPENING HOURS:
A. Throughout time period: Mondays to Saturdays: 9:00 a.m. ? 10:30 p.m.
B. Vacation: Mondays to Fridays: 9:00 a.m. ? 9:00 p.m.
NO OF BOOKS: 36,500
NO OF journal titles: 98
NO. OF VIDEO AND AUDIO CASSETTES: 114
PHOTOCOPYING MACHINE: 1
THE BOOK CATALOG: Initiatives (each card and e-book catalog)
NO. OF REFERENCE MATERIALS: 1,722
LIBRARY STAFF
With the exclusion of the presenter, WATS library is presently manned by seventeen members of workers, 9 of whom are scholar employees. These scholar employees principally work within the evenings, manning the safety and circulation desks (though no exterior borrowing is completed throughout this era). As well as, they clear they library.
CHALLENGES
1. Coaching and recruiting skilled librarians
9 out of the seventeen members of workers are scholar employees who use this chance to lift a good portion of their charges and, in some instances, some further funds to keep up themselves as they pursue their theological research. The presenter is unaware of any who has expressed curiosity within the library occupation. Companies rendered can’t be classed as skilled. Sadly, solely two of the common members of workers have accomplished some type of library coaching on the senior supporting stage. The implication is that the library is critically in want {of professional} librarians in any other case it will proceed to run sub-standard companies. An irksome dimension is that most often, junior members of workers who’re within the majority “are allowed to do skilled duties within the absence of the precise cadre who ought to do them” (Nwosu 2000, 103).
The cardboard catalog for example will likely be used to show the impact the paucity or lack {of professional} librarians is having on the library assortment.
The most typical type of library catalog in West Africa is the cardboard catalog and “there may be want for (one) to know the design of the system to have the ability to use it successfully” (Nwosu 2000, 57). A problem for the library is to keep up a constant submitting rule. Though WATS library operates the system often called the “letter-by-letter” or “all-through” methodology, there are evidences of the opposite methodology, that’s the “word-by-word” or “nothing earlier than one thing”. The previous is the frequent strategy to alphabetization, the place B should at all times come earlier than C. Within the latter, the area between phrases is taken under consideration for the reason that focus is on every phrase. When it will get to the flip of the phrase within the alphabetic sequence, all its associates are thought-about alongside.
Marrying the 2 strategies of submitting or alphabetization could value one the knowledge that’s wanted.
One other downside is misapplication of the submitting guidelines. The American Library Affiliation Code (Rule 6) stipulates that “abbreviated phrases must be filed as in the event that they had been spelled out in full, with one exception, that’s, the abbreviation Mrs. St. is subsequently filed as if it had been spelled Saint, and Mc… as Mac” (Harrison and Beenham 1985, 82). The above rule is sadly misapplied in WATS library. If the rule shouldn’t be considered, the phrase scan will likely be filed earlier than St. when it must be the opposite manner spherical. In the identical method, the Dr. (physician) may even be filed earlier than down and never the opposite manner spherical.
A 3rd situation in submitting (Rule 5) states that initials must be filed earlier than phrases. (Nonetheless, acronyms are handled as phrases, for instance UNICEF, UNESCO, ECOWAS and many others.) There are cases within the WATS catalog that this rule shouldn’t be considered. A phrase like Aaron erroneously comes earlier than A.G.M and A.L.A.
It’s horrifying that there isn’t a clear room for upward mobility of library workers. Within the absence of an expert scheme of service or promotion tips, members of workers have labored in a single place since they acquired their appointment letters.
2. Computerizing the library
Some libraries in Nigeria have automated their companies. Examples embrace the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Library at Ibadan and the Federal Institute of Industrial Analysis Library, Oshodi, Lagos. Others, together with WATS Library, are on the verge of placing their automation plan into motion.
Automation can profit the Acquisition, Cataloging and Serial Departments within the following methods :
Acquisition : Automation might help in fund management in addition to in technology and dissemination of studies. Listing of things, together with the accession listing may also be printed.
3. Acquisition
Acquisition is usually outlined as “the method of acquiring books and different paperwork for a library, documentation middle or archive” (Prytherch 1986, 61). Incontrovertibly, it’s “probably the most vital features of any library system” (Ali 1989, 66). Some technique of acquisition of library supplies embrace buy, donation, trade, Authorized Deposit Laws and membership {of professional} organizations. In most libraries in West Africa, it’s noticed that
acquisition charges are grossly insufficient to assist each educating and analysis even when judged by minimal requirements accepted in developed nations. Makes an attempt to alleviate the state of affairs with numerous types of help although intrinsically meritorious supply little hope for long run enchancment (Allen 1993, 232).
Donated supplies extensively inventory West Africa Theological Seminary Library. Since beggars are usually not choosers, there’s a vital proportion of dated publications. There are numerous studying supplies which aren’t even related to the final curriculum of the seminary. Weeding ‘undesirable’ inventory is a giant downside to the library since there aren’t any appropriate replacements.
An often-overlooked technique of acquisition is membership {of professional} associations. If the library continues to distance itself from the skilled register of library establishments, it is not going to pay attention to present traits within the skilled which can negatively mirror on the sort and high quality of companies rendered.
4. Web connectivity
The WATS administration launched a letter on 2nd January 2005 asserting a big discount (about 75%) of the web service supplied on campus. This was attributed to the discount within the bandwidth which made it unimaginable to assist all the previous work stations. A technological blow was dealt on the library cyber café because it fell prey to this resolution. College students had been suggested to make use of the cyber café on the bottom flooring. The seminary administration should assist the library in its embryonic stage to judiciously embrace the brand new expertise. Then again, the theological librarians have a really essential function “to make sure that the ensuing use of computer systems and telecommunication and every other acceptable expertise contributes in value efficient methods to the wants of scholarship and analysis since (they) have the experience in buying supplies in quite a lot of codecs and make them accessible for quite a lot of functions” (Simpson 1984, 38).
5. On-line sources
An internet useful resource that was used at West Africa Theological Seminary (and which is extremely beneficial for different theological libraries in Africa) is the American Theological Library Affiliation (ATLA) Faith Index, helpful for accessing articles, critiques, essays, dissertations and monographs. Using databases, which overlap topic fields, that’s, interdisciplinary database looking, is an typically over-looked side of on-line looking.Customers of West Africa Theological Seminary Library shouldn’t have entry to an unbelievable quantity of on-line sources as a result of it isn’t subscribing to make use of these supplies. An instance of an important on-line useful resource is the On-line Laptop Library Centre (OCLC). This middle, a bibliographic utility based mostly in Dublin, Ohio is a worldwide digital data co-operative serving about 39,517 libraries in seventy-six nations. It runs an On-line Union Catalog. There are roughly twenty eight million cataloguing data and the database (utilizing MARC tapes and different on-line enter information for customers) gives reference companies and interlibrary mortgage, qualifying it in all probability because the world’s most complete database of bibliographic data that produces the First Search System by means of which a library can subscribe to 1000’s of educational {and professional} titles from about seventy publishers accessible electronically.
6. Purposeful photocopier
Though the library has a photocopier, the machine is ceaselessly out of order. This second hand machine must be changed to allow the library to realistically profit from its companies. The seminary administration even took a choice not too long ago handy over photocopying companies to a scholar who’s presently working a greater enterprise.
7. Audio visible assortment
Audio visuals are non-paper based mostly data carriers. They’ve been launched into the library by means of advances in expertise. They’re referred to as audio-visuals as a result of they require auditory and visible appreciation. One in every of their chief benefits is storing a considerable amount of data in a small area. Audio visuals embrace audio tapes, microforms, filmstrips, charts, slides, video tapes, tv and many others. A few of these enchantment solely to the sense of listening to (audios), some solely to the sight (visuals) and others to each the auditory and visible senses (audio visuals). Though WATS library has acquired fairly just a few audio visible supplies, there may be must buy the required supporting equipments to make the audio visible assortment a actuality.
The seminary has been receiving a number of analysis instruments within the type of CD ROMS for a substantial interval. The library is but to make these accessible to customers by putting in them in a practical laptop.
8. Bindery
It’s true that “as soon as any merchandise is chosen for the gathering, the library guarantees to protect it” (Goodrum and Dalrymple 1985, 65). The absence of a bindery assortment inside the library is adversely affecting the bodily situation of books. It have to be borne in thoughts that since a good portion of library supplies are donated, many are acquired in a really poor bodily situation.
The bindery is also very instrumental in binding again problems with newspapers and journals to facilitate a comparatively simpler storage, retrieval and dissemination of knowledge.
9. Person instruction
A significant weak point of library observe is the failure to instruct customers in the usage of the library to the perfect benefit. From expertise, “surveys have proven that public use of such instruments as catalogues are minimal, largely as a result of they’ve by no means been proven how they function” (Jackaman 1989, 3). Many college students in WATS undergo the seminary with no cheap grasp of primary library rules. Which means the one hour orientation carried out initially of each semester is inadequate.
10. Serial assortment
Numerous journals subscribed to by the library are chosen, ordered and acquired, processed and shelved by this assortment. It’s continuously checked to find out if there are any lacking points already due however haven’t been acquired in an effort to make such claims. This part additionally shares newspaper. The relevance of such a useful assortment within the library can’t be overemphasized. It’s unlucky that WATS library shouldn’t be subscribing to journals and this explains why there are numerous distinct gaps in periodical literature. The library is on the mercy of donors who usually ship journals at random.
Newspapers are immediately bought by the WATS administration and these are subsequently despatched to the library most often not on the day of buy. This defeats the aim of newspapers since they arrive late to the library. Offering current data have to be the first concern for the library or data employee. Consequently, “forex ought to subsequently be a requirement and never an choice” (Wilson 1993, 636).
11. Warmth within the library
The current warmth within the library is detrimental to the books since humidity is a menace to their survival. If not sprayed periodically, fungi simply develop inside the pages and harm the writing. Many researchers are unable to remain for a substantial interval merely due to the discomfort attributable to a extremely popular setting.
12. Web looking
When the library cyber café was functioning, person statistics of customers indicated that ninety % of those that used the Web did so to ship mails and chat with associates. The remaining ten % use it to conduct analysis and carry out different features. The insignificant proportion that makes use of it for analysis functions closely depend on Google. A scholar and a library workers opined that they undertake the ‘google solely’ strategy as a result of they aren’t conscious of every other cite.
It’s noticed that “most customers find (data) by means of subscription-free serps akin to Google” (Harding 2004). This over-reliance is a critical limitation. The effectiveness of Google is assessed thus:
A current search on Google of ‘Historic Close to East’ resulted in over 150,000 outcomes. Whereas many of those are in all probability glorious websites, many extra are in all probability not. The ETANA website, curiously, doesn’t seem within the first 100 listings. Thus, the researcher who would profit from entry to ETANA however who doesn’t know of its existence will seemingly not stumble throughout it utilizing Google (Limpitlaw 2003, p.5).
It’s moderately unlucky that even lecturers are extremely proliferating reliance upon one website (Google). The difficulty is that “if school researchers themselves are relying virtually solely upon Google, nevertheless, what number of of them are more likely to encourage college students to increase their searches past Google, to not less than discover the sources and supplies their libraries keep?” (Norlin 2004, 56). The library workers have to be very instrumental in directing customers to many different related websites and free on-line libraries, for example Africa Digital Library in South Africa. Persevering with schooling for the library workers have to be inspired to allow them to be abreast of technological modifications. It’s opined that “a profitable coaching program can be depending on the dedication that prime administration exhibits for the coaching course of” (Martey 2002, 14). An incontrovertible actuality is that “librarians must know the right way to entry and filter what is on the internet” (Rosenberg 1997, 15). Amongst a number of recommendations to shake the evident frost off the African church in its theological mission, Tienou (1990) proffers the advance of theological libraries, and (by implication), the theological librarians who intersperse between the knowledge and the person. The coaching of library workers and knowledge professionals may be very essential in dealing with the astronomically quick growth that’s evident within the data age. It’s moderately unlucky that the theological librarians haven’t typically accompanied the introduction of Web service at West Africa Theological Seminary Library with an intensive coaching on its use.
Indubitably, until … librarians obtain this workers coaching, there’s a hazard that the potential of this expertise for sourcing and repackaging for data switch will stay insufficiently exploited and that it’s going to not develop into built-in with extra conventional print-based library companies” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
13. Funding
It’s incontrovertible that “each good assortment is an expression of satisfactory and sound monetary backing, and no assortment growth can obtain this goal whether it is financially handicapped” (Alemna 1994, 47). Of their commentary on the problem within the discipline of librarianship, it’s noticed that “library funding will in all probability be the problem which consumes the power of library managers to the tip of this century (and the subsequent)” (Moore and Shander 1993, 19). WATS library have to be realistically budgeted for whether it is to proceed to be the educational nerve middle of the seminary.
THE WAY FORWARD
Like Ato Yawson in Ama Ata Aidoo’s The Dilemma of a Ghost, the query is, shall WATS library go to Cape Coast (representing the normal) or Elmina (representing the trendy’)? Within the discipline of librarianship, a sensible response lies “in preserving conventional companies and embracing the technological advances” (Harding 2002, 9).
The next are proffered for consideration to help WATS library to face the inescapable challenges:
1. Professionally educated workers
The library occupation is in crises. It’s noticed that “the necessity to discover and retain high quality management for libraries is a core situation for the longer term” (Hisle 2002, 211). Library workers at WATS have to be professionally educated. Acquisition of related library {qualifications} can’t be overemphasized. Related coaching should embrace use of software program purposes. The trendy theological librarian is standing on a crossroad and should keep a really helpful steadiness between conventional and trendy analysis methods to be related on this data age. Substandard companies will proceed to be supplied if workers are employed simply because they’re Christians with little emphasis on skilled coaching. Theological librarians want the type of coaching carried out by ACTEA (Accrediting Council for Theological Training in Africa) East Africa Library Employees Coaching Institute in Daystar College in Kenya in July 2004. Untrained librarians want programs in cataloguing and classification, administration of the library and answering reference questions. Moreover, they need to obtain coaching in looking the web, utilizing Boolean operators to seek the advice of full-text journals, accessing reference supplies on CD Roms, utilizing MARC, and compiling lists of vital web sites and reference CDs.
Seminary, library, coaching, recruiting, librarians,
2. Scheme of service
So as to not make a continued mockery of the library occupation, it is strongly recommended that the skilled tips for the appointment and promotion of library workers in any respect ranges be drafted and applied. The seminary administration might examine the scheme of service of a number of establishments in Nigeria and the sub-region as a information to moderately keep the usual.
Positions which must be considered inside the numerous classes embrace:
a. Junior workers
i. Messenger/cleaner
ii. Library attendant III
iii. Library attendant II
iv. Library attendant I
v. Library assistant I
vi. Library assistant II
vii. Library assistant III
b. Senior supporting workers
i. Trainee Librarian/Senior Library Assistant II / Admin. Assistant II
ii. Senior Library Assistant I / Admin.
c. Senior workers
i. Library Officer
ii. Librarian II
iii. Librarian I
iv. Senior Librarian
v. Deputy Librarian
vi. Head Librarian
The factors for scoring senior library workers must be considered. A few of these areas embrace :
Educational {and professional} {qualifications}
Skilled/working expertise
Skilled actions
Analysis and publications
Administrative expertise
3. Revamping of web companies within the library
The library cyber café have to be resurrected if the library is to be related on this technological age. The library workers ought to obtain coaching that can allow them to creditably deal with databases of their library.
4. Person instruction
The library must be extra proactive in person schooling methods. Extra present consciousness or selective dissemination of knowledge must be performed to draw college students and workers. A course on the usage of the library may very well be launched as a obligatory topic for all classes of scholars. It’s evident even in West Africa Theological Seminary that “librarians can now not assume the identical stage of curiosity in and assist for the library from a college that more and more rely on their very own search methods and skills in an digital world they will entry from their places of work” (Norlin 2004, 56). Theological librarians should be rigorously attuned to the considerations of the scholars and college. If librarians at WATS discharge professionalism in figuring out the issue of the researcher, looking for particular items of knowledge effectively and expeditiously and transmits the results of the search by any handy means to each school and scholar customers (phone, e-mail, private name, brief letter to say just a few), the curiosity within the library as data middleman would regularly be revamped.
The library of West Africa Theological Seminary ought to spend a number of weeks providing “school solely” and “college students solely” coaching periods on the usage of American Theological Library Affiliation database (after paying the present subscription). An undeniable fact is that “until theological librarians consciously view the college (and college students) as the first goal for (their) actions, (they) would develop into irrelevant to…college students, school, directors and establishments” (Norlin 2004, 55).
5. The function of the seminary administration
Administration at WATS should acknowledge that the library shouldn’t be an optionally available further and that the approaching doctoral programme within the seminary will solely develop into a actuality when the library attains a specific skilled commonplace. Seminary authorities should assist its progress by growing present collections (for example, subscribing to scholarly journals for the serials assortment) and by helping within the establishing of a vibrant Digital Library Assortment which must be manned by an expert librarian. Offering server upgrades and disk space for storing have to be critically thought-about. There must be common in-service coaching to help library workers acquire related expertise in data expertise.
The difficulty of funding can’t be overemphasized. The WATS Library can solely be related on this data age if the seminary administration would acknowledge “the centrality of its tutorial nerve centre (the library) and make sure the sustainability of the library programmes and companies” (Harding 2002, 9). Introduction of person expenses, extra fund elevating actions within the library (akin to e-book gross sales), enhance within the assist from donor businesses might yield a rise in revenue wanted to buy and keep obligatory gear.
When the library is sufficiently funded, will probably be able to subscribe to related journal titles, buy commonplace theological texts, construct a vibrant audio visible assortment, present air con services to manage the warmth, exchange the photocopier and supply different obligatory companies as and when obligatory.
Professionally educated workers, scheme of service, revamping of web companies within the Computerize, cataloging, acquisition, web, person instruction, audio visible, serial, bindery, funding, scheme of service,
6. Membership {of professional} organizations
WATS library ought to enroll as an institutional member {of professional} library associations akin to Nigeria Theological Library Affiliation, Christian Librarians’ Affiliation for Africa, American Theological Library Affiliation and Christian Librarians’ Fellowship. (The presenter is a member of all however the former). It was by means of the American Theological Library Affiliation that the writer was knowledgeable that the twenty second version of the Dewey Decimal Library (DDC) classification has been printed. (WATS is utilizing the 20th version). The DDC numbers embrace all headings newly mapped to the 200 Faith Schedule, in addition to others thought-about to be of curiosity to theological libraries.
Beneath is an illustration:
Topic heading Name quantity
All Souls’ Day in artwork 704.9493943
Islamic modernism 297.09
Nymphs (Greek deities) in artwork 704.9489221
Open-air preaching 206.1, 251
Social capital (Sociology) ? Non secular elements 201.7
Venus (Roman deity ) in artwork 704.9489221
(Osmanski 2003, 2-1)
7. Computerization
CONCLUSION
It’s indubitable that the function of the library as data middleman would by no means change. Nonetheless, the means to satisfy this invaluable function retains altering and the library should adapt to keep up its relevance. WATS library is a unit of a self-supporting establishment with a number of challenges. Conventional library practices have to be totally developed and the perfect of contemporary expertise have to be embraced. This excessive worth have to be paid because the library journeys to ‘Cape Coast’. The seminary librarians have a serious problem to maneuver from being mere keepers of the e-book to guides by means of a universe of information, thereby taking part in a useful function as data middleman (Kargbo 2002). For the reason that mission of the library to facilitate the free circulate of knowledge endures even within the midst of technological modifications, the librarians in all varieties of libraries, together with WATS, “should discover a very helpful steadiness between the traditional/conventional library features and the strategies of the brand new challenges in an effort to keep their management function in (the) data age” (Harding 2002, 10). Librarians in West Africa Theological Seminary might solely be related on this age in the event that they gear as much as possess the required expertise to allow customers to creditably use supplies for studying, examine and session in no matter format they may seem. This can’t be realized with out the invaluable assist of the seminary administration. With this realization, “the scholars will likely be taught the artwork of digital data retrieval, which they will use to put in writing their venture work and thesis” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
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Source by Oliver Harding